In Nepal, R2 percentages range from 2% to 26% within different groups under various studies. 30,000 years ago. (2005) found fairly uniform allele frequency distributions across caste groups of southern Andhra Pradesh, but significantly larger genetic distance between caste groups and tribes indicating genetic isolation of the tribes and castes. A genetic study by Mondal et al. Reconstructing the human genetic history of mainland Southeast Asia: insights from genome-wide data from Thailand and Laos December 2020 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.24.424294 (2019) shows that modern South Asian populations are generally closest to West-Eurasians. Northern Indian populations are genetically closer to Central Asians than populations of other geographical regions of India... . Browse more videos. Larimichthys polyactis is a commercially important marine fish species in Eastern Asia, yet very few genetic resources exist. found their samples to have about 50-98% of their genome from peoples related to early Iranian farmers, and from 2-50% of their genome from native South Asian hunter-gatherers sharing a common ancestry with the Andamanese, with the Iranian-related ancestry being on average predominant. [9] The East Asian ancestry component detected in India is mainly restricted to specific populations in the Himalayan foothills and northeastern part of India. [14], Haplogroup L shows time of neolithic expansion. A Comprehensive Map of Genetic Variation in the World's Largest Ethnic Group-Han Chinese Mol Biol Evol . [1][2][3][4] Conclusions of studies based on Y Chromosome variation and Autosomal DNA variation have been varied. The reference population for Koreans used in Geno 2.0 Next Generation is 94% Eastern Asia and 5% Southeast Asia & Oceania. It is not necessary, based on the current evidence, to look beyond South Asia for the origins of the paternal heritage of the majority of Indians at the time of the onset of settled agriculture. Genetic Landscape of Eurasia and “Admixture” in Uyghurs. [10][11], It has been found that the ancestral node of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types (mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) typically found in Central Asia, the West Asia and Europe are also to be found in South Asia at relatively high frequencies. [5], A genetic study published in 2020 in the Journal Gene: X by Rowold et al. A high-density genetic map is essential for comparative genomic studies and fine mapping of QTL and can also facilitate genome sequence assembly. Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia is the study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups of South Asia. [48], 23% of the Sinhalese people out of a sample of 87 subjects were found to be R1a1a (R-SRY1532) positive according to a 2003 research. Different ethnic groups may have different recombination rates as a result of genomic variations, which would generate … [46] In another study 18% were found to belong to L1. The consortium involved 90 scientists from 11 countries including China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and the US. 12%[43]) and Pashtuns (approx. Ironically, it is in the northeast of India, among the TB groups that there is clear-cut evidence for large-scale demic diffusion traceable by genes, culture, and language, but apparently not by agriculture. shows relatively high density in Pakistan and NW India but also in Karnataka, where it reaches its higher density. Dec 29, 2018 - Post with 1193 views. 2019,) analysing remains from the Indus Valley civilisation (of parts of Bronze Age Northwest India and East Pakistan), found them to have a mixture of ancestry: Shinde et al. [5][6][7] Basu et al. [54] It is also reported in Caucasus and Central Asia at lower frequency. hunter-gatherers sharing a common root with the Andamanese); and Iranian agriculturalists who arrived in India ca. [12] In India, the major maternal lineages are various M subclades, followed by R and U sublineages. [31] It also occurs at 18.18% in Makrani Siddis and at 3% in Karnataka Siddis. [73] According to Narasimhan et al., this mixed population, which probably was native to the Indus Valley Civilisation, "contributed in large proportions to both the ANI and ASI", which took shape during the 2nd millennium BCE. Genetic maps provide specific positions of genetic markers, which are required for performing genetic studies. This feature is likely related to the proportions of ancestry derived from the western Eurasian gene pool, which, as this study has shown, is greater in populations inhabiting northern India than those inhabiting southern India. Massive Genetic Map of Cancer Mutations Cataloged – Available to Doctors and Researchers Worldwide . Peter Underhill, a geneticist from Stanford University who was not involved in this study said that it represented an investment of a "tremendous amount of time, work and inter-institution collaboration". The possible homeland of this haplogroup spans Gujarat (highest frequency, 12%) and Iran because from there its frequency declines steeply both to the east and to the west. Newars show a significantly high frequency of 26% while people of Kathmandu show it at 10%. Two genetic studies (Shinde et al. [41] The clade is present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. [73] They were preceded by a mixture of AASI (ancient ancestral south Indian, i.e. 5,6–7%),[14][16][26] however a moderate, 14.6% has been observed among the Chenchus. These mitochondrial haplogroups' coalescence times have been approximated to date to 50,000 BP. The perennial concept of people, language, and agriculture arriving to India together through the northwest corridor does not hold up to close scrutiny. It is found to be largely absent in Indo-European and Dravidian speakers, except in some specific ethnic groups living in the Himalayan foothills and central-south India. [12] The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly ascertain the relic of South Asian lineages as compared to other M sub lineages (in East Asia and elsewhere) suggesting 'in-situ' origin of these sub-haplogroups in South Asia, most likely in India. According to the researchers, South Asia harbours two major ancestral components, one of which is spread at comparable frequency and genetic diversity in populations of Central Asia, West Asia and Europe; the other component is more restricted to South Asia. Paleolithic genetic link between Southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia revealed by ancient mitochondrial genomes. [33], 12% of the Maldivian people of Maldives are found to have R2.[34]. 7–15%. 7%[43]). Haplogroup A plays a significant role in the evolution of human beings. [13] Some researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous South Asian origin. The evidence for the southern coastal migration route, he said seemed "very strong". Modern genetic data combined with appropriate statistical methods have the potential to contribute substantially to our understanding of human history. [33] Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%)[48] to the extreme North East and in among Punjabis (47%)[33] to the extreme North West. A genetic atlas of human admixture history interactive map. They found genetic similarities between populations throughout Asia and an increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern latitudes. 2018 Nov 1;35(11):2736-2750. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy170. Studies of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have so far produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, with successive waves of people moving to the peninsula and three major Y-chromosome haplogroups. As no "ASI" ancient DNA is available, the indigenous Andamanese Onge are used as an (imperfect) proxy of ASI (according to Reich et al., the Andamanese, though distinct from them, are the closest living population to ASI). [25] Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is concentrated there. (2003) also emphasises underlying unity of female lineages in India. Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity BBC, Online The Human Genome Organisation's (HUGO) Pan-Asian SNP Consortium carried out a study of almost 2,000 people across the continent. Participate to the Southeast Asia Regional DNA Project to help us map the genetic variations between historical regions of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, as part of Living DNA's One Family One World Project. found their samples to have about 50-98% of their genome from peoples related to early Iranian farmers, and from 2-50% of their genome from native South Asian … [6] Basu et al. Moreover, the presence of these Y-STR profiles in several sub-Saharan populations and conspicuous absence from the other Eurasian collections suggest a unique genetic connection between Indian tribal groups and sub-Saharan Africans. "[It continued] later and probably more slowly to the north, with diversity being lost along the way in these 'younger' populations. An international scientific effort has revealed the genetics behind Asia's diversity. 56,514 people are reading stories on the site right now. 2019,) analysing remains from the Indus Valley civilisation (of parts of Bronze Age Northwest India and East Pakistan), found them to have a mixture of ancestry: Shinde et al. All the West Eurasian populations derive from the N and R haplogroups of mtDNA and the F haplogroup of the Y-chromosome. (2004) in a study on genetic structure and affinities among tribal populations of southern India concludes, "Genetic differentiation was high and genetic distances were not significantly correlated with geographic distances. The study indicates that all of Asia was populated through one migration event. [44][45], In one study, 16% of the Sinhalese were found to be Haplogroup L-M20 positive. [74][75], Studies by Watkins et al. [21], The macrohaplogroup M, which is considered as a cluster of the proto-Asian maternal lineages,[12] represents more than 60% of South Asian MtDNA. [13], Arguing for the longer term "rival Y-Chromosome model",[14] Stephen Oppenheimer believes that it is highly suggestive that India is the origin of the Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups which he calls the "Eurasian Eves". Science & Environment, 05 Oct 06 | (2016) notes "The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian Dalit population with minimal Ancestral North Indian (ANI) along the 'Indian Cline' of such ancestry is inferred to have ~ 18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~ 50% steppe-related ancestry. 5–6%). The study concluded that "almost all groups speaking Indo-European or Dravidian languages lie along a gradient of varying relatedness to West Eurasians in PCA (referred to as "Indian cline")”. [14][15] Sanghamitra Sahoo concludes his study with:[15]. The study found that, as expected, individuals who were from the same region, or who shared a common language also had a great deal in common genetically. A very old and most important subdivision of it is haplogroup U that, while also present in West Eurasia, has several subclades specific to South Asia. [42], Conclusions based on Y Chromosome variation have been more varied than those based on mtDNA variation. The major South Asian Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are H, J2, L, R1a1 and R2. At least 90% of R-M124 individuals are located in South Asia. Central Asia is a diverse land with many ethnic groups, languages, religions and tribes. [68], According to Basu et al. (2005) and Kivisild et al. (2003) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKivisild_et_al.2003 (help) proposes an ancient and shared genetic heritage of male lineages in South Asia, Bamshad et al. It is also found in the northeastern part of Afghanistan. [30] Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J-M410, 10.6% in J-M267 and 4.4% in J2b (Eaaswarkhanth 2009) harv error: no target: CITEREFEaaswarkhanth2009 (help). [22], Virtually all modern Central Asian MtDNA M lineages seem to belong to the Eastern Eurasian (Mongolian) rather than the South Asian subtypes of haplogroup M, which indicates that no large-scale migration from the present Turkic-speaking populations of Central Asia occurred to India. "[78], A 2011 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics[5] indicates that Indian ancestral components are the result of a more complex demographic history than was previously thought. It also has some importance in Oman. Recent claims for a linkage of haplogroups J2, L, R1a, and R2 with a contemporaneous origin for the majority of the Indian castes’ paternal lineages from outside the South Asia are rejected, although our findings do support a local origin of haplogroups F* and H. Of the others, only J2 indicates an unambiguous recent external contribution, from West Asia rather than Central Asia. There is growing interest in the development of agriculture in Central Asia (Frachetti et al. suggested "a deep common ancestry" between Andamanese, Melanesians and other Negrito groups (as well as South Asians),[10] and an affinity between Southeast Asian Negritos and Melanesians (as well as the Andamanese) with East Asians.[68]. Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity. Studies based on Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations have reported genetic unity across various South Asian sub–populations, showing that most of the ancestral nodes of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types originated in South Asia. The project aims to map the regional genetic variations of the world with a great level of detail and accuracy in order to improve our understanding of both recent and ancient migrations and see how humans are all connected with one another as one big family. We used this catalog to characterize population structure, admixture history, and infer signals of natural selection. Among the Austro-Asiatic tribals, the predominant J2 occurs in the Lodha (35%). [55], Among regional groups, it is found among West Bengalis (23%), New Delhi Hindus (20%), Punjabis (5%) and Gujaratis (3%). 17–19%) and reaches up to 68% in some castes in Karnataka but is somewhat rarer in north Indian castes (ca. (2003) based on autosomal markers conclude that Indian caste and tribal populations have a common ancestry. [77], Viswanathan et al. "; The study indicates that all of Asia was populated through one migration event, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites, How the world's oldest clove tree defied an empire, Why Royal Ballet principal Sergei Polunin quit, BBC News Updated every minute of every day, 01 May 09 | [14] 2015 detected a distinctive East Asian ancestral component, mainly restricted to specific populations in the foothills of Himalaya and northeastern part of India. In a major study (2009) using over 500,000 biallelic autosomal markers, Reich hypothesized that the modern South Asian population was the result of admixture between two genetically divergent ancestral populations dating from the post-Holocene era. [30][17][4][15], North Indian Muslims have a frequency of 19% (Sunni) and 13% (Shia),[17] while Dawoodi Bohra Muslim in the western state of Gujarat have a frequency of 16% and Mappila Muslims of South India have a frequency of 5%. (2006) and Sengupta et al. [15][14] Among caste groups, high percentages are shown by Jaunpur Kshatriyas (87%), kamma (73%), Bihar Yadav (50%), Khandayat (46%)and Kallar (44%). Haplogroup H is believed to have arisen in South Asia between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. [1][2][3] It is likely that haplogroup M was brought to Asia from East Africa along the southern route by earliest migration wave 78,000 years ago. Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). [12], The major paternal lineages represented by Y chromosomes are haplogroups R1a1, R2, H, L and Haplogroup J2. The authors also argue that the native South Asian genetic component is distinct from the Andamanese, and that the Andamanese are thus an imperfect proxy. is specially important in Bangladesh and West Bengal. It is considered to be a foundational haplogroup of all known patrilineal lineages within the confines of modern human history whose place of origin is believed to be in Africa. observe that samples from the Indus periphery group are always mixes of the same two proximal sources of AASI and Iranian agriculturalist-related ancestry; with "one of the Indus Periphery individuals having ~42% AASI ancestry and the other two individuals having ~14-18% AASI ancestry" (with the remainder of their ancestry being from the Iranian agriculturalist-related population). also suggest possible gene flow into the Andamanese from a population related to the ASI. Moreover, the mtDNA haplogroup M and the Y-chromosome haplogroups C and D are restricted to the area east of South Asia. "It seems likely from our data that they entered South East Asia first - making these populations older [and therefore more diverse]," he said. (2003) suggests that "Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads" and that "formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations". "[66], Moorjani et al. The current distributions of haplogroup frequencies are, with the exception of the lineages, predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. [8], The cline of admixture between the ANI and ASI lineages is dated to the period of c. 4.2–1.9 kya by Moorjani et al. L3a (PK3) is found in approximately 23% of Nuristani in northwest Pakistan. 0:29. In Pakistan, the highest frequencies of J2-M172 were observed among the Parsis at 38.89%, the Dravidian speaking Brahuis at 28.18% and the Makrani Balochs at 24%. Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and the Maldives. [14] In South India, the presence of J2 is higher among middle castes at 21%, followed by upper castes at 18.6% and lower castes at 14%. (2001) places Pakistanis and North Indians between west Asian and Central Asian populations,[64] whereas Cordaux et al. Difference between Africa and Genetic history of Europe Africa vs. Genetic history of Europe. The Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008), divides the population of South Asia into four ethnolinguistic groups: Indo-European, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic. Closest neighbor analysis done by Mondal et al. The authors found that the respective amounts of those ancestries varied significantly between individuals, and concluded that more samples are needed to get the full picture of Indian population history. [72], Narasimhan et al. The ancestry of the ASI population is suggested to have averaged about 73% from the AASI and 27% from Iranian-related farmers. According to Oppenheimer it is highly probable that nearly all human maternal lineages in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe descended from only four mtDNA lines that originated in South Asia 50,000–100,000 years ago. Bai, F., Zhang, X., Ji, X. et al. [73] The authors find that the AASI indigenous hunter-gatherers represent a divergent branch that split off around the same time that East Asian, Onge (Andamanese) and Australian Aboriginal ancestors separated from each other. According to Reich et al., both ANI and ASI ancestry are found all over the subcontinent (in both northern and southern India) in varying proportions, and that "ANI ancestry ranges from 39-71% in India, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. H was also quite common in ancient samples of Europe and is still found today at a low frequency in Europeans and Arabs of the Levant. Shuhua Xu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who was a member of the consortium, said that this was "the first comprehensive study of genetic diversity and history of Asian populations". found that the great majority of Indian people ("caste people"), which make up about 91,4%, are closely related to West-Eurasians (Europeans and Middle Easterners). The researchers described their findings in the journal Science. Playing next. Analysis of East Asia Genetic Substructure Using Genome-Wide SNP Arrays:. [43], The clade is present in moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population (14% approx). These deep rooting lineages are not language specific and spread over all the language groups in India. Genetic History of Africa. [51] The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of Indo-Europeans. Using mitochondrial DNA variation data collated from various studies, we have shown that populations of Central Asia and Pakistan show the lowest coefficient of genetic differentiation with the north Indian populations, a higher differentiation with the south Indian populations, and the highest with the northeast Indian populations. May 24, 2017 - Genetic Landscape of Eurasia and “Admixture” in Uyghurs — ScienceDirect: It aims at uncovering these groups' genetic history. [14][16][42][26] Haplogroup L has higher frequency among south Indian castes (ca. These lineages were most likely introduced to South Asia during the Middle Palaeolithic, before the peopling of Europe 48,000 years ago and perhaps the Old World in general. Despite the variations found within India, these populations stem from a limited number of founder lineages. state that these facts are consistent with the hypothesis of a single exodus from East Africa 65,000 years ago via a southern coastal route, with the West Eurasian lineages separating from the South Asian lineages somewhere between East/Northeast Africa and South Asia. All the mtDNA and Y-chromosome lineages outside Africa descend from three founder lineages: All these six founder haplogroups can be found in the present day populations of South Asia. Its highest frequency can be found in south western Balochistan province along the Makran coast (28%) to Indus River delta. "[1] Basu et al. Linkage analyses of Asian families have been performed with Caucasian genetic maps, since appropriate genetic maps of Asians were not available. In Pakistan, it is found at 71% among the Mohanna of Sindh Province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north. The study also infers that the populations of the Andaman Islands archipelago form a distinct ancestry, which "was found to be coancestral to Oceanic populations". It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the paleolithic inhabitants of South Asia. These two "reconstructed" ancient populations he termed "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI) and "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI). While R1a originated ca. Consistent with the above findings, a recent study using over 500,000 biallelic autosomal markers has found a north to south gradient of genetic proximity of Indian populations to western Eurasians. [47] It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking tribals including the Kotas (41%) of Tamil Nadu[52] Chenchu (26%) and Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh[33] as well as the Yadav and Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in these Southern Indians tribes. (2013), corresponding to the Indian Bronze Age, and associated by the authors with the process of deurbanisation of the Indus Valley Civilization and the population shift to the Gangetic system in the incipient Indian Iron Age. [73], A genetic study by Yelmen et al. H is today rarely found outside of the South Asia but is common among the Romanis, particularly the H-M82 subgroup. [20], The most frequent mtDNA haplogroups in South Asia are M, R and U (where U is a descendant of R). [24] South Asian U lineages differ substantially from those in Europe and their coalescence to a common ancestor also dates back to about 50,000 years.[1]. Most Popular Now | 56,514 people are reading stories on the site right now.
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