[8][9][10] (For more on this topic, see discussion below). Valhalla is depicted as a splendid palace, roofed with shields, where the warriors feast on the flesh of a boar slaughtered daily and made whole again each evening. The Danish chronicle of Lejre, Chronicon Lethrense also connects the two, and the name Lejre may, like Læsø, derive from the jötunn. Valhalla, in Norse mythology, the hall of slain warriors, who live there blissfully under the leadership of the god Odin. 1. The Old Norse name Ægir ('sea') may stem from Proto-Germanic *āgwi-jaz ('that of the river/water'),[1] itself a derivative of the root *ahwō- ('river'; cf. The beginning of the Orkneyinga saga ('Saga of the Orkney Islanders') and Hversu Noregr byggdisk ('How Norway Was Settled') tell that the jötunn king Fornjót had three sons: Hlér ('sea'), whom he called Ægir, a second named Logi ('fire'), and a third called Kári ('wind'). When Loki arrives uninvited at Aegir’s hall during the gods’ feasts, several of the gods speak out against him. [21], The name Gymir may indicate that Ægir was understood as the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr or indicate that two figures by the same name (see Gymir (father of Gerðr)). They are often seen at feasts with the gods and are usually ascribed positive characteristics and morals, although there are exceptions. Toil. Loki was known as the Norse Trickster God who liked making fun of and pranking others. Norse religious worship is the traditional religious rituals practiced by Norse pagans in Scandinavia in pre-Christian times. [34], Ægir has been the subject of a variety of art pieces These include Nils Blommér's painting Näcken och Ägirs döttrar (1850), Johan Peter Molin's (d. 1874) fountain relief Ægir, and Emil Doepler's Ægir (1901). The Norse Gods are the mythological characters that, as far as we know, came from the Northern Germanic tribes of the 9th century AD. Here’s a ritual for Hela’s Day: Colors: Black and White. The Midwinter Feast was held in honor of Freyr, Thor and Odhinn. … [33] According to Rudolf Simek, while attested as a jötunn, Ægir "has characteristics" of a sea god". She drives across the sky each day, chased by the wolf Skoll who keeps her on course, which she considers mostly a fun game. [16], According to the prose introduction to Lokasenna, "Ægir, who is also called Gymir", was hosting a feast "with the great cauldron which has just been told about", which many of the gods and elves attended. The gods praise the excellence of their service and, hearing this, Loki murders Fimafeng, enraging the gods, who chase them out to the woods before returning to drink. Ægir is attested as married to a goddess, Rán, who also personifies the sea, and together the two produced daughters who personify waves, the Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán, and Ægir's son is Snær, personified snow. In Norse mythology, elves are seen as some sort of semi-divine beings that are closer to the gods than to humans. All rights reserved. Loki was represented as the companion of the great gods Odin and Thor, helping them with his clever plans but sometimes causing embarrassment and difficulty for them and himself. Gothic alva 'body of water, river', Old English ēa 'stream', Old High German aha 'river'). They are often seen at feasts with the gods and are usually ascribed positive characteristics and morals, although there are exceptions. Ran (“Robber”[1]) seems to correspond to its more sinister aspects; in Old Norse poetry, she’s usually mentioned in the context of drowning unfortunate seafarers and dragging them down to dwell in her underwater abode. For example, he is the namesake of a Norwegian corvette produced in 1967 (Ægir)[35] and of an exoplanet, Epsilon Eridani b. Loki, in Norse mythology, a cunning trickster who had the ability to change his shape and sex.Although his father was the giant Fárbauti, he was included among the Aesir (a tribe of gods). Freya was the Norse goddess of magic, love, fertility and lust. Eldir says that they're discussing weaponry and war, and having nothing good to say about Loki. Her name means “related by marriage” or literally Norse religion was a folk religion (as opposed to an organized religion), and its main purpose was the survival and regeneration of society. Meet the Norse gods: Loki – God of trickery and cheating, brother of Thor, and very familiar to us. According to some accounts, Odin was not the only god who took fallen warriors to the afterlife. The Norse gods are not immortal in the normal sense. There are five Gods that play a role in Norse wedding traditions. Anthony Faulkes observes that Ægir is "often described by modern writers as god of the sea" yet that he is nowhere described as a god in the Prose Edda and appears in a list of jötnar in Skáldskaparmál. Valhalla, Old Norse Valhöll, in Norse mythology, the hall of slain warriors, who live there blissfully under the leadership of the god Odin. Together the couple has nine daughters, who are usually interpreted as being spirits of the waves. He occupied a contradictory and unique position among the gods, giants, and other beings. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a store. Before the spread of Christianity, Scandinavians believed in numerous deities. Odin goes to Ægir, who he finds sitting in good cheer, and tells him he shall "often prepare a feast for the Æsir". Ægir receives numerous mentions in the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, where he sits at a banquet and asks the skaldic god Bragi many questions, and Bragi responds with narratives about the gods. In attendance also were Ægir's servers, Fimafeng and Eldir. They dwell in a magnificent hall beneath the ocean, and can be seen as the divine powers of the ocean and its varying qualities. For other uses, see, sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Vries1962 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFEinarsson2003 (. Norse wedding traditions required several deities to be honored. JAN. 2-3: Feast of Old to Greek Goddess Hekate – who guides all through transitions and crisis. After Sæhrímnir is eaten, the beast is brought back to life again to provide sustenance for the following day. The section traces the kenning to a narrative surrounding Ægir, in which the jötunn employs "glowing gold" in the center of his hall to light it "like fire" (which the narrator compares to flaming swords in Valhalla). Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? A Viking feast depended on the wealth of the host, but all Vikings ate well at feast time. Christian and Viking traditions and beliefs were practiced side by side, but some Vikings continued to use solely the religion of the Norse gods in secret. JAN. 6: Triple Goddess Day—honoring the Goddess as the Three-In-One; Day of the Lord of the Dance – honoring Shiva, seeking his aid for prosperity and wisdom in the Ne… Called the shining god and whitest skinned of the gods, Heimdall dwelt at the entry to Asgard, where he guarded Bifrost, the rainbow bridge. [1] Simek, Rudolf. The gods are unable to find a cauldron of a size big enough to meet Ægir's request until the god Týr recommends one he knows of far away, setting the stage for the events of the rest of the poem. Altar: Upon black cloth to the right place four black candles, a skull, bones, a pot of earth, a pile of withered leaves, and a gravestone. Unfortunately, as fragmentary as the sources for our knowledge of Norse mythology are, that doesn’t come out to a particularly large number of mentions. Sanskrit áp- 'water' or Tocharian āp- 'water, river'). Every December the Vikings would celebrate the Midwinter Solstice, which is when the night is the longest, and the day is the shortest one of the year. [5][6][7], The meaning of the Old Norse name Gymir is unclear. He was very crafty in magic. She is a goddess of the harvest and Autumn, and her hair symbolizes farm fields abundant with golden wheat. Eventually, being reminded of a vow he once made, Odin is forced to allow Loki to stay. On the day of his feast, his two servants welcomed all the guests and gave them tons of praises and compliments. Scholars have long analyzed Ægir's role in the Old Norse corpus, and the concept of the figure has had some influence in modern popular culture. He set off to visit Ásgard, and when the Æsir realized he was coming, he was given a splen did welcome, although many things were not as they seemed;[21]. He is a wise man and magician, who learned the secrets of the runes by hanging himself on the tree Yggdrasil for nine nights. She drives across the sky each day, chased by the wolf Skoll who keeps her on course, which she considers mostly a fun game. “They celebrate a festival, at which all come to worship the god and to eat and drink. Modranicht (Mother Night) was also a Yuletide festival. Asatru is not the only Norse revival path, but it is certainly one of the more well known ones. They are like other Indo-European religions in that they have both anthropomorphic gods and colorful monsters. The Old Norse generally lived North of current day Germany (some a bit more south/west, like eg current day Poland). Ullr Fest is an annual 10-day celebration of all things winter and snow! [17], In the poem that follows the prose introduction (and in accompanying prose), Loki returns to the hall and greets Eldir: He says that before Eldir steps forward, he should first tell him what the gods are discussing in the hall. The Old Norse were not blind to this at all, it was a fact of life. The cook of the gods, Andhrímnir, is responsible for the slaughter of Sæhrímnir and its preparation in the cauldron Eldhrímnir. [8][9] Proposed translations include 'the earthly' (from Old Norse gumi), 'the wintry one' (from gemla), or 'the protector', the 'engulfer' (from geyma). Ægir may also be the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr, wife of the god Freyr, or these may be two separate figures who share the same name (see below and Gymir (father of Gerðr)). In Norse Mythology the original inhabitants of Valhalla were the Æsir (gods) and Ásynjur (goddesses), but they were not the first divinities the Nordic races worshiped because they also recognize the power of the gods of the sea, the wind, the forests and the forces of nature, known as the Vanir. Translated by Angela Hall. [4] Andy Orchard argues on the contrary that Ægir's inclusion among the Æsir is probably a late development since his daughters are described as jötnar and some sources mention him as the descendant of the jötunn Fornjót. Difficulty. © Daniel McCoy 2012-2019. Odin – Supreme god of wisdom, war, poetry, leader of Aesir, and governor of Asgard. Together the couple has nine daughters, who are usually interpreted as being spirits of the waves. Unlike the other Norse warrior gods, particularly Tyr, Odin was not particularly associated with noble causes or a fight for justice.Instead, he was a fighter who loved the chaos and bloodshed of a battle regardless of its cause. Son of Odin. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFaulkes1998 (, Faulkes (1995 [1989]: 91). Son of Bor and Bestla (Jotunn, the giantess), Odin simply had more attributes and epithets than any other deity in Norse mythology. The god Wotan (Odin) is the leader of this Wild Ride; charging across the sky on his eight-legged horse, Sleipnir; a very awe-inspiring vision. [28], In what appears to be a Norwegian genealogical tradition, Ægir is portrayed as one of the three elements among the sea, the fire and the wind. Aegir (pronounced “EYE-gir;” Old Norse Ægir) and Ran (pronounced “RAN;” Old Norse Rán) are two of the most often-mentioned giants in Norse mythology. She has been called All-Bright, Everglow, and Fair Wheel. Still, some of the most general characteristics attributed to Aegir and Ran by the pre-Christian Norse can be discerned. Perhaps the most beautiful are the words with which the newly awakened valkyrie Sigdrifa (Brunhild) greets Sigurd. While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. Hoenir (Vili) – god of silence, spirituality, and passion. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. She has been called All-Bright, Everglow, and Fair Wheel. Loki enters the hall and the gods see him and become silent. The Old Norse Language and How to Learn It, The Swastika – Its Ancient Origins and Modern (Mis)use. Upon white ... Offerings: Blood. Simek speculates that Hlér may therefore have been seen as something of an ancestor of the island. Faulkes (1998:95). Loki says that he will enter Ægir's halls and have a look at the feast, and with him bring quarrel and strife. Einarsson (2004:149). Ægir (anglicised as Aegir; Old Norse 'sea'), Hlér (Old Norse 'sea'), or Gymir (Old Norse less clearly 'sea, engulfer'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology. It didn’t, however. They would have big feasts while celebrating for 12 days straight. In Norse religion, Sæhrímnir is the creature killed and eaten every night by the Æsir and einherjar. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books, which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit. Hrafnar may celebrate either or both of these or honor Thor (Thunderman), depending on the drought situation and the December party/ritual schedule. In one difficult stanza, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse ǫlsmið[r] 'ale-smith') and Rán (Ægis man 'Ægir's wife'): The skald later references Ægir by way of the kenning 'Hlér's fire' (Hlés viti), meaning gold.[13]. The gods are apparently regular guests at Aegir’s magnificent feasts. Ægir (anglicised as Aegir; Old Norse 'sea'), Hlér (Old Norse 'sea'), and Gymir (Old Norse less clearly 'sea, engulfer'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology.In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. 1993. Sunna, or Sol, is the Norse goddess of the Sun. [32] According to John Lindow, since his wife Rán is listed among the Ásynjur (goddesses) in the same part of the Prose Edda, and since he had a close and friendly relationship with the Æsir (gods), Ægir's description as a jötunn appears questionable. Among them the author notes that "Ran, who, it is said, was Ægir's wife" and that "the daughters of Ægir and Ran are nine". Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, Mythological Norse people, items and places, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ægir&oldid=1008645357, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 09:58. [30] Rudolf Simek argues that, if understood to be two different entities, this may stem from an erroneous interpretation of kennings in which different jötunn-names are used interchangeably. [31], As highlighted above in Skáldskaparmál, the name of the island Læsø in Denmark references Hlér (Old Norse Hléysey 'Hlér's Island'). While the relationship between the Aesir gods and the giants is ambivalent at best, and often marked by considerable strife, Aegir and Ran enjoy an overwhelmingly friendly relationship with the gods. [4], Poetic kennings in both Hversu Noregr byggðist ('How Norway Was Settled') and Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry) treat Ægir and the sea-jötunn Hlér, who lives on the Hlésey ('Hlér island', modern Læsø), as the same figure. Beyond this section of Skáldskaparmál, Ægir receives several other mentions in kennings. [29] According to Andy Orchard, Ægir's role in Skáldskaparmál, where he attends a banquet rather than hosting it, could be a deliberate inversion of the traditional motif of Ægir as host. Such feasts and offerings were celebrated at the yearly festivals that marked the turning of the seasons, to mark great occasions, such as weddings, funerals of king-makings, or to gain the favor of the gods for planned undertakings or to placate them in times of disaster. In the Poetic Edda, Ægir receives mention in the eddic poems Grímnismál, Hymiskviða, Lokasenna, and in the prose section of Helgakviða Hundingsbana I. In the end, they and the world will be destroyed because of the actions of the evil or mischievous god Loki who, for now, endures Promethean chains. In addition to being the god of wisdom and poetry, Odin was primarily in charge of death, royalty, sorcery, knowledge, and war. He was the most complex and mysterious character of Norse mythology, with many contrasting qualities. Eldir notifies Loki that if he enters and causes trouble, he can expect them to return it to him. However, Loki got annoyed by this so he decided … [36], One of various personifications of the sea or ocean in Norse mythology, "Aegir" redirects here. Sunna, or Sol, is the Norse goddess of the Sun. ODINCommonly called “the All Father” or the One-eyed raven god, Odin was the king of the gods in … Heimdall, in Norse mythology, the watchman of the gods. Throughout the years, the Viking religion died out for the most part. Sæhrímnir is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th … Here are some of his biggest antics in Norse mythology: Spoiling the feast Aegir (ocean giant) planned to give a feast one day. List of Viking Festivals 2019 in the USA & Canada Click here to view all our Viking festivals blog posts Click on any of the festivals & events below to take you to their official pages for more information. These stories were passed down in the form of poetry until the 11th – 18th centuries when the Eddas and other texts were written. They "shook the twigs and looked at the augury" and "found that at Ægir's was an ample choice of cauldrons". Ægir (anglicised as Aegir; Old Norse 'sea'), Hlér (Old Norse 'sea'), and Gymir (Old Norse less clearly 'sea, engulfer'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology.In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. In this belt (Germany to North Pole) there are wide fluctuations in the way the sun appears throughout the year. His son Thor is the god of thunder, who wields the divine Hammer, Mjolnir. The section explains that "Ran is the name of Ægir's wife, and the names of their nine daughters are as was written above ... Then the Æsir discovered that Ran had a net in which she caught everyone that went to sea ... so this is the story of the origin of gold being called fire or light or brightness of Ægir, Ran or Ægir's daughters, and from such kennings the practice has now developed of calling gold fire of the sea and of all terms for it, since Ægir and Ran's names are also terms for the sea, and hence gold is now called fire of lakes or rivers and of all river-names. Surviving examples include the prayer of Sigdrifa, skaldic prayers to Thor, prayers incorporated in Anglo-Saxon spells, and the Rus merchant’s prayer as reported by Ibn Fadlan (quoted in Tryckare, p. 138). [2] Richard Cleasby and Guðbrandur Vigfússon saw his name as deriving from an ancient Indo-European root. In Norse Mythology the original inhabitants of Valhalla were the Æsir (gods) and Ásynjur (goddesses), but they were not the first divinities the Nordic races worshiped because they also recognize the power of the gods of the sea, the wind, the forests and the forces of nature, known as the Vanir. In ancient times, Germanic and Norse children would leave their boots out by the hearth on Solstice Eve, filled with hay and sugar, for Sleipnir's journey. At this time we ask them to give us good seasons. [22], Carolyne Larrington says that Ægir's role in Hymiskviða "may reflect Scandinavian royal practices in which the king enforces his authority on his subordinates by visiting their homes and demanding to be feasted". Odin is the one-eyed God, the father figure. [14] In Grímnismál, the disguised god Odin references Ægir's status as a renowned host among the gods: In Hymiskviða, Ægir plays a major role. Learn more about Pagan beliefs, the Wiccan religion, Pagan holidays and celebrations, and how people practice Wicca and Paganism today. At first, Vikings stayed polytheistic, simply adding the Christian god to their Norse god pantheon. In reality, he is a giant (Jotnar), one of the sworn enemies of the Aesir. [2], The name Ægir is identical to a noun for 'sea' in skaldic poetry, itself a base word in many kennings. Loki- The Father of Lies; God of Mischief, Magic, Fire, Artifice and Deception (officially not a part of the Aesir, but … Unfortunately, as fragmentary as the sources for our knowledge of Norse mythology are, that doesnt come out to a particularly large number of mentions. The one who slaughters a sacrificial animal erects stakes at the entrance to his farmyard and puts the sacrificial animal on them. [18], In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, a great wave is referred to as "Ægir's terrible daughter".[19]. One of Ægir's names, Hlér, is the namesake of the island Læsø (Old Norse Hléysey 'Hlér's island') and perhaps also Lejre in Denmark. The gods are apparently regular guests at Aegir’s magnificent feasts. Who Were the Indo-Europeans and Why Do They Matter. The chapter continues with discussion regarding the development of these kennings and the concept of allegory. Valhalla is depicted as a splendid palace, roofed with shields, where the warriors feast on the flesh of a boar slaughtered daily and made whole again each evening. [6], Two sources list the personified snow, Snær (Old Norse 'snow'), as Hlér's son. p. 260. In Norse mythology, Odin was revered as the All-Father god and the Raven God. [27] In chapter 75, Ægir occurs in a list of jötnar. They certainly ate more and a better variety of food than the daily meal afforded. The section begins as follows: There was a figure called Ægir or Hlér; he lived on an island, which is now called Hléysey. While this aspect of her character is less well-remembered today, it was referenced several times in Norse poems and sagas. Paganism and Wicca. Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? [3] Guus Kroonen argues that the Germanic root *ahwō- is probably of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin, as it may be cognate with Latin aqua (via the common form *h₂ekʷ-eh₂-), and ultimately descend from the PIE root *h₂ep- ('water'; cf. The Norse Gods are the mythological characters that, as far as we know, came from the Northern Germanic tribes of the 9th century AD. [6], Scholars have often discussed Ægir's role as host to the gods and his description as a jötunn. Son of Bor. The available information seems to suggest that the ancient Germanic peoples addressed their gods in a variety of ways. In Norse mythology, elves are seen as some sort of semi-divine beings that are closer to the gods than to humans. Pantheon: Norse Sif is portrayed as having sublimely beautiful, long golden hair. These stories were passed down in the form of poetry until the 11th – 18th centuries when the Eddas and other texts were written. The gods of Norse mythology are unusual in several ways. Thor- God of Thunder, Lightning, Storms, Consecration, Strength and Bravery. Norse Mythology: Ragnarok - The end of the World in Norse Mythology#NorseMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #MythologyExplained Elements: Earth and Air. Aegir and Ran are, respectively, husband and wife. "[26], In chapter 61 provides yet more kennings. Both the prose introduction to Lokasenna and Skáldskaparmál state that Ægir is also known as Gymir, the father of the jötunn Gerðr. In Old Norse language, her name translates into ‘lady’ or ‘mistress’. This is so that people know that he is sacrificing in honour of his god.” The sacrifices might be followed by a communal blót feast – a feast at which the participants ate and drank together. Unlike other Norse gods, Freya was quite a calm and level-headed deity. After Odin, Hoenir, alternatively known as Vili … Norse Gods to be Honored Through Wedding Traditions. Roasted and boiled meats, rich stews, platters of buttered root vegetables, sharp, welcome greens and sweet fruits and nuts meant a rich feast and full bellies. The groom then escorted his bride into the feast, symbolizing their shared life path. Referring to Ægir as a jötunn, the poem describes how, now annoyed, Ægir hatches a plan: He asks Thor to fetch a particular cauldron, and that with it he could brew ale for them all. Breckenridge visitors and locals alike gather to praise the Norse God of snow, Ullr, in hopes of a powder-filled ski season. Still, some of the most general characteristics attributed to Aegir and Ran by the pre-Christian Norse can be discerned. Some of the b lóts below are created and celebrated by followers of Asatru, which is a modern movement to revive the old religion of the Norsemen. Freya’s field, Folkvangr, also welcomed many fighting men. Ægir is attested in a variety of Old Norse sources. The prose introduction describes the feast as featuring gold that shimmers like fire light and ale that serves itself, and that "it was a great place of peace". 3. They believed that Odin, the great God, and father of other gods, would ride across the night sky and visit them in their homes. The Norse gods are not myths. In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. Aegir (pronounced EYE-gir; Old Norse Ægir) and Ran (pronounced RAN; Old Norse Rán) are two of the most often-mentioned giants in Norse mythology. Section 25 provides examples for 'sea', including 'visitor of the gods', 'husband of Rán', 'father of Ægir's daughters', 'land of Rán and Ægir's daughters'. [25], Chapter 33b of Skáldskaparmál discusses why skalds may refer to gold as "Ægir's fire". Vidar remains silent. He required less sleep than a bird, could see 100 … [35], Ægir is referenced in a variety of others ways in modern popular culture. Thursday (Thor's Day) is named in his honor. Prayer refers to the words and acts involved in communicating with the gods. An expert in seidr magic, Freya was mostly the go-to deity when it came to things about magic. In the poem, the gods have become thirsty after a successful hunt, and are keen to celebrate with drink. Freya, the goddess of beauty and magic, was also a goddess of war. JAN. 1: Hag’s Day – honoring the goddess as She Who Transforms Day of Ishtar ( Inanna, Ashtart, Ashtaroth, Ashtoreth, Anat, Astarte, Anaitgis, Atar, Isis): Goddess of Love & Battle. Pain. This year, Ullr Fest will be reimagined to align with public health orders. Kennings cited to skalds in this section include 'the storm-happy daughters of Ægir' meaning 'waves' (Svein) and a kenning in a fragment of a work by the 11th century Icelandic skald Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, where Rán is referred to as 'Gymir's ... völva': The section's author comments that the stanza "[implies] that they are all the same, Ægir and Hler and Gymir. Ægir and Rán receive mention in the poem Sonatorrek attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. Loki is the son or brother of Odin, but only through adoption. 2. Asatruar honor the Norse deities. Odin’s name comes from the Norse word óðr, which can mean both “fury” and “ecstasy.”True to his name, Odin was a warrior who loved to fight. A feast works just as well and can have plenty of symbolism! Aegir (“Ocean”), who is often portrayed as a gracious host, seems to correspond to its more benevolent aspects. This stanza appears quoted a second time later in. Odin- Third Chief of the Aesir; God of Wisdom, Magic, Divination, Death, War, and Poetry.
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