[30], In Majorcans, Sub-Saharan Y-DNA lineage E-V38 was found at a total of 3.2% (2/62). According to this new studies, although some researchers have associated African traces in Iberia to Islamic invasions, the presence of this african haplotype in the Spanish population may in fact be due to more ancient processes. The most recent study regarding African admixture in Iberian populations was conducted in April 2013 using genome-wide SNP data for over 2,000 individuals. R => 70,000 years ago (in South-West Asia) 3. An important migration from North Africa across the Sinai also appears to have occurred before the formation of the Natufian. Goring-Morris, Nigel et al. According to another study by Pereira et al. The main disadvantage of adaptive autosomal markers is that they cannot tell what fraction of a population came from which ancestry. Oxbow Books, 2009. A study by Brace et al. They do not mix or recombine at each generation. In historical times, there has been a period of North African influence in southern Europe, especially western-southern Iberia and parts of Southern Italy (namely Sicily), during various Muslim conquests. All kidding aside, one bullshit thing some white (my actual race 99.3 Northern Europe) people have said, “you shouldn’t tell people that.” That is kind of fucked. I ve also been told my mtDNA sequence has been observed the FBI database. Increasing frequencies are observed for … Haplogroup A has rare occurrences in Europe, but recently the haplogroup was detected in seven indigenous British males with the same Yorkshire surname. It also must be noted that levels of African DNA from these relatively recent arrivals are too low to have had an appreciable effect on Phenotypes. 2003[21] did the same thing using 182 loci (view dendrogram[22]). This might suggest that different strains of Basal Eurasians contributed to Natufians and Zagros farmers,[60][61][62] as both Natufians and Zagros farmers descended from different populations of local hunter gatherers. Ricaut & Waelkens (2008) associate the Sub-Saharan influences detected in the Natufian samples with the migration of E1b1b lineages from Northeast Africa to the Levant and then into Europe. African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of admixture events attributable to dispersal of populations inhabiting Africa in the genetic history of Europe. They argue that these influences would have been diluted by the interbreeding of the Neolithic farmers from the Near East with the indigenous foragers in Europe. [2], With regard to the paternal haplogroup E1b1b and maternal haplogroup M1, derivatives of these clades have been observed in prehistoric human fossils excavated at the Ifri n'Amr or Moussa site in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to the Early Neolithic period (ca. The introduction of African markers could be due to the Phoenician colonization at the end of the second millennium B.C. These ancient individuals also bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. The frequency of Sub-Saharan lineages detected in the medieval samples was 14.6% and 8.3% in the present population of Priego de Cordoba. [38], In eastern Europe, haplogroup L lineages are present at very low frequencies. This haplotype is considered a genetic marker of Sub-Saharan Africa, where it shows frequencies of about 80%. The researchers say that there was probably a pulse of sub-Saharan African DNA into Egypt roughly 700 years ago. In the same period about 200,000 Africans were sold into Europe via the Atlantic slave trade[2], and these seem to have "vanished" without a trace. (2005), the Sub-Saharan lineages found in Iberia matched lineages from diverse regions in Africa. One subclade of haplogroup U, namely U6a1, is known to have expanded from northern and eastern Africa back into Europe[19][20] even though haplogroup U6 is considered to have originated in the Middle East. In the 14th century, the Black Death swept across Europe, Asia, … .7 here and yes, I’m black and proud. [16], Erica Klarreich's report on the controversy further quotes Suciu-Foca as saying that the reaction against the paper was so severe that "We would have had mass resignations and the journal would have been destroyed if this paper were allowed to remain. It’s also much more meaningful . In Sardinians, Sub-Saharan Y-DNA lineages A1b1b2b and E1a1 were found at a total of 1.0% (A1b1b2b 0.5% / E1a1 0.5%). (2008) identified African L1b, L2a, L3b, L3d and M1 clades in Slavic populations at low frequencies. Additionally, fossils excavated at the Kelif el Boroud site near Rabat were found to carry the broadly-distributed paternal haplogroup T-M184 as well as the maternal haplogroups K1, T2 and X2, the latter of which were common mtDNA lineages in Neolithic Europe and Anatolia. The authors suggest the Muslim occupation and prehistoric migrations before the Muslim occupation would have been the source of these lineages. Haplogroups A and B are thought to have been the predominant haplogroups in central and southern Africa prior to the Bantu Expansion. These ancient individuals likewise bore the Berber-associated Maghrebi genomic component. Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. In a sample of 5,000 African men, haplogroup A had a frequency of 5%. Some approaches are more quantifiable than others. [34], In Iberia the mean frequency of haplogroup L lineages reaches 3.83%; the frequency is higher in Portugal (5.83%) than in Spain (2.9% average), and without parallel in the rest of Europe. [23][58] In terms of autosomal DNA, these Natufians carried around 50% of the Basal Eurasian (BE) and 50% of Western Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gather (UHG) components. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses in distinguishing ancient sub-Saharan markers (from our species' common origin in Africa) from more recent ones. One proposed example of Holocene gene flow from North Africa to Europe, via the Middle East, is thought to be E1b1b, which is thought to have emerged about 40,000 years ago in north-east Africa, and branches of it are thought to have migrated to the Middle East by 14,000 years ago during the late Pleistocene period. This haplogroup, in Italy, is represented by E-M78, E-M123 and E-M81 (Figure 3)[29] and reaches a frequency of 8% in northern and central Italy and slightly higher, 11%, in the south of that country. “I notice that there is not a lot of information about European people with sub-Saharan DNA. observed haplogroup E at a frequency of 7.2%. “For a lot of our genetic studies we had treated them as groups that had split from all other present-day humans before they had split from each other.” So he and his colleagues were not expecting to find signs of western Eurasian genes in 32 individuals belonging to a variety of Khoisan tribes. According to a hypothesis stated by Bar-Yosef (1987), the Natufian culture emerged from the mixing of two Stone Age cultures: (1) the Kebaran, a culture indigenous to the Levant, and (2) the Mushabian, a culture introduced into the Levant from North Africa†. Agriculture was introduced into Europe by migrating farmers from the Middle East. [53] Whereas, in non-Mediterranean European populations, that value is about 0.3%, in Spain the average figure for this African haplotype is nearly eight times greater (though still at a low level) at 2.4%, and it shows a peak at 4.5% in Galicia. Certain Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages are thought to have spread from Northeastern Africa to the Near East during the later Pleistocene, and from there to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Although this haplotype's frequency ranges between 1 and 3% in most Spanish populations, it occurs at frequencies between 3 and 4% in the Mediterranean islands of Corsica (Blanc and Ducos 1986), Sardinia (Piazza et al. This means they are not stastical "noise," but true results. To show where the 14% comes from, let’s start with Mr. Cobb’s great grandparent. Malyarchuk & Czarny (2005) detected only two monophyletic clusters, L1b and L3b, in Russians, with an estimated age no greater than 6,500 years. This makes it hard to tell if any particular marker dates from the 1500-1800 slave trade, or from the post-glacial re-colonization of Europe, or from some time in between. ... Egypt, the authors wrote, sub-Saharan … This clade was possibly related to L2a1 clades identified in ten individuals of Ashkenazi heritage from France, Germany, Poland, Romania, and Russia. My ABDNA 2.5 results are 78% sub-Saharan African and 22% European. In both countries, frequencies vary widely between regions, but with increased frequencies observed for Madeira (insular Portugal), southern Portugal, Córdoba (southern Spain), Huelva (southern Spain), Canary Islands (insular Spain), Extremadura (western Spain) and Leon (western Spain). I don t have any male relatives from which to test. However, they were slightly distinct from the northern Anatolian populations that contributed to the peopling of Europe, who had higher Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) inferred ancestry. Sub-Saharan African Y-chromosomes are much less common in Europe, for the reasons discussed above. This altogether indicates that the Late Neolithic Kelif el Boroud inhabitants were ancestral to contemporary populations in the area, but also likely experienced gene flow from Europe.[18]. The descendants of the sub-Saharan Africans who first began the Great Diaspora about 70 millennia ago can be distinguished from the sub-Saharan groups who helped to re-colonize Europe after the glaciers melted 16 millennia ago, and from sub-Saharan people who crossed or went around the Mediterranean in Ancient Egyptian or Roman times or thereafter as slaves, soldiers, settlers, or traders. L1b, L3b and L3d had matches with West African populations, indicating that these lineages probably entered Europe through Iberia. [22][17][23], Entering the late mesolithic Natufian culture, the E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) subclade has been associated with the spread of farming from the Middle East into Europe either during or just before the Neolithic transition. 2005,[5] sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups were found at rates of 0.62% in a German-Danish sample, 0.94% in Sicilians, 1% in the British/irish, 2.38% in Albanians, 2.86% in Sardinians. [1] When painting my chromosomes [to visually highlight relevant areas], I found a moderate-sized segment that comes up sub-Saharan African on all data sets, about 7-8 centimorgans or so. [1][2] More recent, direct African admixture – primarily Berber admixture from North Africa – is associated with the Carthaginian period as well as Muslim conquests of the Early Middle Ages, and is primarily concentrated in the Iberian peninsula, averaging from ~11% in the west and south to ~3% in the northeast, dropping to close to 0% in the Basque region. (American, eyes, search, skin) - Genealogy -Ancestry research, historical records, genetic analysis, sharing data, locating family - City-Data … Pereira, Prata & Amorim (2000) suggested that African lineages in Iberia were predominantly the result of the Atlantic slave tarade. Recognizing that there are many genetic differences between Northern and sub-Saharan Africans, Carlos Bustamante of Stanford University and his colleagues performed a DNA analysis that … A 2006 study by Tunisian scientists has asserted the relatedness of the Greeks to sub-Saharans by calculating genetic distances at the DRB1 locus,[23] the same used in the controversial Arnaiz-Villena paper. The DNA of these cousins upended a previously held idea. [54] (2003)) or that claim a substantial role of the Roman and/or Islamic periods on the introduction of Sub-Saharan lineages seem unlikely. Neutral autosomal markers are odd fragments of DNA that do not affect a person's physical traits. The genetic effect of this period on modern European populations is the subject of discussion (see below). With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. However, they can account for much of the presence of Sub-Saharan African DNA markers in the modern European gene pool, although it is not clear how much (in opposition to traces from pre-historic and medieval migrations). Some approaches are more quantifiable than others. The frequency is clearly higher in Portugal (32 sequences in 549 individuals; 5.83% with a high frequency of 11% in southern Portugal) than in Spain (8 out of 496; 1.61% with a higher frequency of 3.26% in Galicia) and without parallel in the rest of Europe. Samoa. It has been suggested that the first Middle Eastern farmers reflected North African influences. (2010) in the comarca of Sayago (18.2%) which is, according to the authors, "comparable to that described for the South of Portugal". Instead, they were related to both Middle Easterners and sub … Craig Cobb wanted to turn tiny Leith, N.D. into a haven for white supremacists. The mean frequency for mtDna L, typical for sub-Saharan populations (but also found on average at 20% in North Africans), reaches 6-7% in Portugal. Contrary to past observations, Sub-Saharan ancestry is detected at <1% in Europe, with the exception of the Canary Islands. Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. In The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, 1994), Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza grouped Greeks with other European and Mediterranean populations based on 120 loci (view MDS plot[20]). In Europe, U6 is most common in Spain and Portugal.[46]. The haplotypes have been detected in Portugal (3%), France (2.5% - in a very small sample), Germany (2%), Sardinia (1.6%), Austria (0.78%), Italy (0.45%), Spain (0.42%) and Greece (0.27%). That HbS is found in, say, 10 percent of some European population does not mean that ten percent have sub-Saharan ancestry; it may simply be that many of those lacking the trait in the past died without progeny due to malaria. 2003[4] found L haplogroups at rates of 0.1% in Scotland, 0.4% in England, 0.7% in North Germany, 1.4% in France, 2.9% in Galicia, 2.2% in Northern Portugal, 4.3% in Central Portugal, and 8.6% in Southern Portugal (Alentejo and Algarve) (note that these figures do not count the L3 lineage, which may be of ancient introduction and so remains ambiguous). Casas et al. Micronesia. 2003). A Mesolithic population carrying Group III lineages with the M35/M215 mutation expanded northwards from. Other lineages are known to have moved from Europe directly into Africa, for example mitochondrial haplogroups H1 and H3. [28], The subclade E3b1 (probably originating in northeastern Africa) has a wide distribution in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. The authors also state that they were unable to test for affinity in the Natufians to early North African populations using present-day North Africans as a reference because present-day North Africans owe most of their ancestry to back-migration from Eurasia. This paper which provides a deeper and more global insight into the African female influence in Iberia shows that the mean frequency reaches 3.83% in Iberians. Image: Mummies may have more European DNA than sub-Saharan The study found that the ancient Egyptians were most closely related to ancient populations in the Levant - modern day … Recently, it has been proposed that E3b originated in eastern Africa and expanded into the Near East and northern Africa at the end of the Pleistocene. Albanians, E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by migrant farmers, during the Neolithic expansion. However, contrary to past autosomal studies and to what is inferred from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial haplotype frequencies (see below), it does not detect significant levels of Sub-Saharan ancestry in any European population outside the Canary Islands. There are three main approaches to detecting continent-of-ancestry admixture: gender-specific markers (Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA), neutral autosomal markers, and adaptive autosomal markers. [29], North African Y-DNA E-M81 was found at a total of 41.1% among "pasiegos" from Cantabria, Spain. The Dynamics of Pleistocene and Early Holocene Settlement Patterns in the Levant: An Overview. Scientists have struggled to extract DNA from Egyptian mummies for decades. Second, because their adaptive advantages are known, their dates of origin and spread are also known to reasonable precision. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome DNA trace individual lineages, matrilineal and patrilineal, respectively. A study by Gonzalez et al. Your browser does not support JavaScript. near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands", "Interaction before Agriculture: Exchanging Material and Sharing Knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant", "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form", "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa", "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H structure in North Africa", "Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35", "Reconstructing the phylogeny of African mitochondrial DNA lineages in Slavs", "The history of African gene flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews", "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_admixture_in_Europe&oldid=1005629358, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Map (in the link) showing the distribution of, A 2009 study by Auton et al. † The Mushabian industry is now known to have originated in the Levant from the previous lithic industries of the region of Lake Lisan. [citation needed]. In a paper titled "The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines and Jews," published in PLoS Genetics, HMS Associate Professor of Genetics David Reich and his … Tonga Indonesian, Khmer, Thai & Myanma. Ancient DNA analysis of these specimens indicates that they carried paternal haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade and the maternal haplogroups U6a and M1, all of which are frequent among present-day communities in the Maghreb. Another subclade, E3b1b-M81 is associated with Berber populations and is commonly found in regions that have had historical gene flow with northern Africa, such as the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands, and Sicily. Bar-Yosef (1987) states: "the population overflow from Northeast Africa played a definite role in the establishment of the Natufian adaptation, which in turn led to the emergence of agriculture as a new subsistence system". But a recent DNA test found that 14 percent of his ancestry comes from sub-Saharan Africa. There are many other such traits and they have two main advantages for population studies: First, they have been well-studied for centuries, so different strains are easily identified and tracked. The origins of haplogroup M1 have yet to be conclusively established. “I think we were shocked,” says Reich. The Black Death may have transformed medieval societies in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan DNA admixture in Europe refers to the way in which Sub-Saharan African DNA is lightly scattered throughout the European continent. 1998), is largely distributed among Mozabites (28.2%) and Mauritanians (20%). It seems to show a decreasing cline from the Southwest to the Northeast, which corresponds with the areas most affected by the Moorish (North Africa) expansion and the African slave trade. 1. Adaptive autosomal markers are those that evolved and spread because they enhance survivability. The latter group was widely semi-sedentary even before the introduction of agriculture. 2004; Coudray et al. However, Haplogroups E(xE3b) and Haplogroup A spread to Europe due to migrations from Northeast Africa, rather than the slave trade. 1984; Dugoujon et al. Both papers interpret those results as suggesting an admixture that happened, due to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopic people, during the Pharaonic period. Scientists analyzing mummy DNA find that the closest ancient relations were from the Near East and Europe. [4][9][10][11][12][13], The change from hunting and gathering to agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution was a watershed in world history. [17] The first agricultural societies in the Middle East are generally thought to have emerged after, and perhaps from, the Natufian culture between 12,000 and 10,000 BCE. found that many, This page was last edited on 8 February 2021, at 17:39. They suggest this pattern is more compatible with a recent arrival of these lineages after slave trading began in the 15th century. (2016) on Natufian skeletal remains from present-day northern Israel, the Natufians in fact shared no evident genetic affinity to sub-Saharan Africans. In Sicily the North African haplotype Gm 5*;1;17; ranges from 1.56% at Valledolmo to 5.5% at Alia. (2007), haplogroup M1 had a frequency of 0.3%. ... Modern Egyptians, by comparison, share much more DNA with sub-Saharan … 2007, although some researchers have associated African traces in Iberia to Islamic conquest, the presence of GM*1,17 23' 5* haplotype in Iberia may in fact be due to more ancient processes as well as more recent ones through the introduction of genes from black slaves from Africa. [19] They stated that "Using results from the analysis of a single marker, particularly one likely to have undergone selection, for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies is unreliable and unacceptable practice in population genetics. E1b1b1 lineages are found throughout Europe but are distributed along a south-to-north cline, with an E1b1b1a mode in the Balkans. This haplotype is considered a genetic marker of sub-Saharan Africa, where it shows frequencies of about 80% (Excoffier et al. Later that year, the same data was used in another study by the same author published in a different journal. The authors suggest that this distribution is consistent with a prehistoric migration from Africa to Iberia, possibly alongside mtDNA haplogroup U6. Two studies by Rosenberg et al. No multiple-marker analysis has ever duplicated Arnaiz-Villena's results. autosomal DNA indicates that they are predominantly of European ancestry, but who carry either a mitochondrial (mt) DNA or Y chromosome haplogroup that is highly likely to have originated in sub … Not every population has been studied yet, but enough have so that a picture is starting to emerge. Haplogroup L lineages are relatively infrequent (1% or less) throughout Europe with the exception of Iberia (Spain and Portugal), where frequencies as high as 22% have been reported, and some regions of Southern Italy, where frequencies as high as 2% and 3% have been found. [3]. González et al. The authors suggest that this pattern indicates that most of the Sub-Saharan L lineages entered Iberia in prehistoric times rather than during the slave trade. [55] According to Calderón et al. On the other hand, neutral autosomal markers are useful for individual genealogies since they reflect just how much of an individual's genome came from which population group. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. [29]It has also been argued that the European distribution of E3b1 is compatible with the Neolithic demic diffusion of agriculture; thus, two subclades—E3b1a-M78 and E3b1c-M123—present a higher occurrence in Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Italian peninsula. (2006) analysed human remains from the Natufian culture. "[17] The controversy was further reported on in numerous locations including The Observer. The migration of farmers from the Middle East into Europe is believed to have significantly influenced the genetic profile of present-day Europeans. According to a study in 2012 by Cerezo et al., about 65% of the European L lineages most likely arrived in rather recent historical times (Romanization period, Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, Atlantic slave trade) and about … It is suggested that the Mushabian culture originated in Africa, given that archeological sites with Mushabian industries in the Nile Valley predate those in the Levant†. I have an exact match listed in a 2002 research paper to a person referenced as Palestinian. or to the more recent Arab conquest (8th–9th centuries A.D.). Reply Mike … Even though in some cases, for an individual, a low reading such as this may be negated by the confidence interval, in South Europeans low levels of sub-Saharan admixture are consistenly found, making them signature results for these populations. [56] The hypothesis is that the presence of this haplotype suggests past contacts with people from North Africa. [35] In the Canary Islands, frequencies have been reported at 6.6%. Because they are autosomal (within the Nuclear DNA that is subject to Meiosis), such markers reflect the recombination of paternal and maternal DNA with each generation. For comparaison these frequencies are even higher in North African populations: In some Berber and Arab groups from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, they reach values between 20 and 33% (Chaabani et al. That is the highest frequency observed in Europe to date. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. [10], A similar study by Auton et al. E1b1a is closely related to E1b1b, the most frequent clade in Europe. For comparison, sub-Saharan mtDNA runs 21.8% in North Africa. [16] Since all of the known cultures in the Levant at the time of the migration originated in the Levant and an archaeological culture cannot be associated with it, there must have been assimilation into a Levantine culture at the onset, most likely the Ramonian which was present in the Sinai 14,700 years ago.[65]. ", making specific allusion to the findings on Greeks (among others) as "anomalous results, which contradict history, geography, anthropology and all prior population-genetic studies of these groups.". E lineages that are not E1b1a or E1b1b could therefore reflect either a recent expansion associated with E1b1a or ancient population movements associated with E1b1b. Natufians were strongly genetically differentiated[59] from Neolithic Iranian farmers from the Zagros Mountains, who were a mix of Basal Eurasians (up to 62%) and Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). By contrast, North Africans have about 5% paternal black admixture. [15] This second paper dealt specifically with the relatedness of Palestinians and Israelis and was subsequently "deleted from the scientific literature" because, according to the editor-in-chief Nicole Suciu-Foca, it "confounded the elegant analysis of the historic basis of the people of the Mediterranean Basin with a political viewpoint representing only one side of a complex political and historical issue". Hi my DNA Results came back as 83% European ang 17% Sub-Saharan African My Grandfather on my Dads side is 100% Syrian is that why it said Sub-Saharan DNA Results 83% European 17% Sub-Saharan African? Though a high diversity of African mtDNA lineages have been detected, few lineages have accumulated enough mutations in Europe to form monophyletic clusters. 2009. By Lizzie Wade Mar. (2009)—which also contains an admixture analysis chart but no cluster membership coefficients—shows little to no Sub-Saharan African influence in a wide array of European samples, i.e. [35] Regarding Iberia, current debates are concerned with whether these lineages are associated with prehistoric migrations, the Islamic occupation of Iberia, or the slave trade. One lineage, L2a1a, appeared to be much older, indicating that it may have entered Europe in prehistoric times. “These are very special, isolated populations, carrying what are probably the most ancient lineages in human populations today,” says David Reichof Harvard University. Then, Ayub et al. Categories: DNA | Genetic genealogy projects. Genetic samples were taken from people living across Sub-Saharan Africa To find out more, a team of African, UK and US researchers collected genetic material from 1,800 people in Sub … These sub-classifications of Sub-Saharan regions (and its peoples) allows for far more accurate interpretation for DNA analysis purposes. Wikipedia article "Sub-Saharan_DNA_admixture_in_Europe", Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid, Australoid, Capoid. The Mushabians would have then moved into the Sinai from the Nile Delta bringing with them their technologies†. According to a study in 2012 by Cerezo et al., about 65% of the European L lineages most likely arrived in rather recent historical times (Romanization period, Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, Atlantic slave trade) and about 35% of L mtDNAs form European-specific subclades, revealing that there was gene flow from Sub-Saharan Africa toward Europe as early as 11,000 years ago.
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