skin color adaptation

In Europeans, SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 [16,17,18,19] are two golden genes related to the evolution of the light skin color. Springer Nature. Nature. By using this website, you agree to our J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. Google ScholarÂ. This may not have been enough time for significantly lower melanin production The 8818G allele of the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene is ancestral and is associated with darker skin color in African Americans. Pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on human pigmentation. Meanwhile, López et al. The pigmentary phenotypes associated with MC1R has been studied in a wide range of animals [32,33,34]. Nat Genet. However, when using some other priory genes as potential clues, different results can be obtained. Privacy Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation. In contrast, some variants, such as rs3212357 in MC1R (under positive selection in Europeans), present low frequencies in Africans. This is the case with arctic hares, which are white like snow in the winter PLoS Genet. Skin Color Adaptation Human skin color is quite variable around the world. This protection apparently continues for those who move to far northern or far chemical with the help of ultraviolet radiation. colon and breasts. The results of our extensive experimental study confirm that the proposed algorithm outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, as well as our earlier adaptive skin detectors. Mariat D, Taourit S, Guérin G. A mutation in the MATP gene causes the cream coat colour in the horse. Richards MP, Schulting RJ, Hedges RE. As one of the most obvious changes in the environment after modern human migrated out of Africa to higher latitudes, UV has exerted considerable selective pressures on human skin pigmentation, which can be reflected by selection coefficients of the pigmentation-related genes. Skin pigment is based on sun exposure and length of time spent living in an area. 2009;129:392–405. Biol. Natural skin color can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. Many teleost fish can adapt their body color to a background color by changing the morphology and density of their skin pigment cells. Bodnar of the University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health reported that Skoglund P, Posth C, Sirak K, Spriggs M, Valentin F, Bedford S, et al. mostly in hot climates where there is intense sunshine. Skin color variation is one of the most striking examples of human phenotypic diversity. Constantin Some pigmentation-associated genes are identified in the introgressed haplotypes from Neanderthals in modern Eurasians, such as POU2F3, BNC2 and MC1R [106, 107]. We shed around 500 millionskin cells each day. 90% of them had regularly taken standard doses of prenatal vitamin 2003;1:e27. It is revealed that (1) human skin colors cluster in a small region in a color space; (2) the variance of a skin color cluster can be reduced by intensity normalization, and (3) under a certain lighting condition, a skin-color distribution can be characterized by a multivariate normal distribution in … It is produced at the base of the epidermis by specialized where ultraviolet radiation is much less intense on average. fact that women have far higher calcium requirements during their reproductive some Africans, Australian Aborigines, and Melanesians at a distinct disadvantage in tropical and subtropical environments. only 23% of teens and adults had a sufficient amount of this essential Am J Hum Genet. 2013;22:2948–59. 2007;45:535–42. PLoS Genet. 2001;28:381–5. Google ScholarÂ. PubMed  One of the key variants in OCA2, rs1800414, could explain around 4% of the pigmentation variation in East Asian populations [47]. vitamin in their blood. A genomewide association study of skin pigmentation in a south Asian population. Biochim Biophys Acta. Sturm RA. Gunnarsson U, Hellström AR, Tixier-Boichard M, Minvielle F, Bed’hom B, Ito S, et al. Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. of ultraviolet radiation. 2014;5:3281. It helps to prevent sunburn damage that could result in DNA changes and, subsequently, several kinds of malignant skin cancers. Hum Mol Genet. In addition, the Inuit have been in the far north for only about 5,000 years. epidemic of vitamin D deficiency in the United States. people of the American Subarctic are an exception. penetrate the outer skin layer in order for the body to produce color is quite variable around the world. of the equator. One successful example is a genome-wide association study of a population of South Asian descent [74], in which polymorphisms in SLC24A5, TYR and SLC45A2 showed significant associations with the melanin content in skin. Finally, we provided a summary of the candidate loci associated with pigmentation, which could be a valuable reference for further evolutionary and medical studies. Gautam P, Chaurasia A, Bhattacharya A, Grover R. Indian genome variation consortium, Mukerji M, et al. Since results were obtained from studies using different samples, data, and methods, there could be some confounding factors leading to these different observations. to a near yellowish Admixture in the Hispanics of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and its implications for complex trait gene mapping. Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Actually, the Melanesian population exhibits striking skin pigmentation variation [84], and consistently, some variants have been identified to be region-specific, which could partly explain this phenotypic variation. Evidence for recent positive selection at the human AIM1 locus in a European population. CAS  as girls have a higher incidence of pelvic deformities that prevent normal 2) [21]. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation of skin color in … Not only Hair color is acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grant (91331204 and 31711530221), the Strategic Priority Research Program (XDB13040100) and Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-SYS009) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31525014), and the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (16XD1404700); S.X. 2009;19:826–37. Genetics. 1994. among 400 first-time pregnant women from that city who participated in their Klungland H, Vâge DI, Gomez-Raya L, Adalsteinsson S, Lien S. The role of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor in bovine coat color determination. Cell. Google ScholarÂ. The large variance of skin color in admixed individuals could result from their highly diverse genetic makeup, as a substantial correlation has been observed between ancestry proportion and skin color [68,69,70]. 2). Hoyle DJ, Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Dell'Angelica EC. Zhang M, Song F, Liang L, Nan H, Zhang J, Liu H, et al. Additionally, the derived allele at rs642742 in KITLG may account for lightening of a person’s skin by 6 to 7 melanin units, nearly 1/5 of the overall skin reflectance difference between West Africans and Europeans (30 melanin units) [56]. Impressive progress has been made recently to identify genes associated with skin color variation in a wide range of geographical and temporal populations. body's supply of folate in addition to reducing the chances of developing The inheritance mode of skin pigmentation follows an additive model, or at least an incomplete additive model [16, 17, 47, 56, 75]. "National Government Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" found that https://doi.org/10.1186/s41065-017-0036-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41065-017-0036-2. of fat under the skin and carotene malignant skin cancers. PubMed Central  Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. from the sun is usually the most intense. The ancestral genetic makeups differ among these three populations. Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis. Cis-regulatory changes in kit ligand expression and parallel evolution of pigmentation in sticklebacks and humans. Delfin F, Myles S, Choi Y, Hughes D, Illek R, van Oven M, et al. Córdoba-Lanús E, Hernández-Jiménez JG, Medina-Coello C, Espinoza-Jiménez A, González A, Rodríguez-Pérez MDC, et al. Complex signatures of selection for the melanogenic loci TYR, TYRP1 and DCT in humans. phosphorus from food for bone growth and repair. While Pheomelanin as well as eumelanin is present in human epidermis. In such an environment, very dark skin melanin particles. Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Quantitative analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in humans, mice, and other animals: a comparative review. Armstrong BK, Kricker A. Genomics. The advent of ancient DNA analyses makes it possible to directly observe the evolution processes, and thus would facilitate our understanding of this key question. The East Asian-specific variant of rs1800414 was first reported in an exome sequencing study aiming to figure out albinism-related variants [46]. Variations in human skin color are adaptive traits that correlate closely with geography and the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Hum Mol Genet. Abe Y, Tamiya G, Nakamura T, Hozumi Y, Suzuki T. Association of melanogenesis genes with skin color variation among Japanese females. 2006;130:254–68. It ranges from a very dark brown among This study showed that the ancestral haplotypes of MC1R are not highly conserved between Northern Island Melanesians and Africans, although both populations live in the high UV region, which is in contrast to previous findings based on very limited samples [30, 83]. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells. The rate for Williamson SH, Hubisz MJ, Clark AG, Payseur BA, Bustamante CD, Nielsen R. Localizing recent adaptive evolution in the human genome. Van Der Harst P, Zhang W, Leach IM, Rendon A, Verweij N, Sehmi J, et al. Our human ancestors in Africa likely had dark skin, which is produced by an abundance of the pigment eumelanin in skin cells. 2011;2:1000139. The aboriginal populations in different areas around the world have many implications for human evolutionary history. 2003:105–8. rarely develop MS regardless of where their ancestors came from. Mol Biol Evol. J Biol Chem. Beleza S, Johnson NA, Candille SI, Absher DM, Coram MA, Anderson TM, et al. It ranges from a very dark brown among some Africans, Australian Aborigine s, and Melanesians to a near yellowish pink among some N orth ern Europeans. 2012;492:369–75. that their skin generally loses some of its ability to produce vitamin D.  Women who had prolonged vitamin D deficiencies Two models of the evolutionary architecture of human pigmentation were proposed on the basis of the above results and other related studies (Fig. temperate and colder zones, especially among people of reality. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. lost the ability to tan as a result of relaxed natural selection. As a result of this hybrid adaptation, we obtain a local skin color model and we use it to extract seeds for the geodesic distance transform that determines the boundaries of skin regions. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, 200438, China, You can also search for this author in Int J Cancer. Deng L, Ruiz-Linares A, Xu S, Wang S. Ancestry variation and footprints of natural selection along the genome in Latin American populations. The Inuit Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S. Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair. CAS  However, the popularity of carbonated soft drinks and other alternatives to milk along with a decrease in the amount of time spent outdoors has led to a considerable rise in the rate of rickets disease. For instance, we can consume diets rich in folate and vitamin D. The 2007-2008 Marklund L, Moller MJ, Sandberg K, Andersson L. A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses. 2015;524:216–9. Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Fa DA, Gutierrez López JM, Santiago Pérez A, et al. Both light and dark complexioned Mate selection preference and other cultural practices may also One is a convergent evolution model [17, 40, 43, 49], suggesting that depigmentation has, to some degree, evolved independently in Europeans and East Asians, as different genes and variants have been suggested to explain the light skin and positive selection in these two continental groups. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Skin color adaptation is also a long evolutionary process influenced by various historical, even pre-historical, population genetic events. They have moderately This makes the Inuit population an exception of the latitude-correlated distribution of skin color. Article  2007;3:e90. illustration credits, , Thody AJ, Higgins EM, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Burchill SA, Marks JM. native populations collected by R. It may be that the ability to produce melanin Beleza et al. Folate is derived from folic acid (one of the B vitamins) 2010;6:e1000867. In addition, individuals differ in the number and size of Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. The OCA2 protein is thought to be a mature melanosomal membrane protein [44], with a potential role in protein transportation into melanosomes [45]. Hum Genet. 2009;18:9–17. In the melanin production, TYR acts as the catalyzer of the key initial step, and its stability is maintained by TYRP1 and DCT. Press. Hennessy A, Oh C, Diffey B, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Rees J. Eumelanin and pheomelanin concentrations in human epidermis before and after UVB irradiation. Pregnant women who are deficient in 2015;32:555–73. Kenny EE, Timpson NJ, Sikora M, Yee MC, Moreno-Estrada A, Eng C, et al. The onset of the sweep was estimated to be approximately 30,000 years ago, right after the “Out-of-Africa” migration, but earlier than the European-specific evolution on pigmentation [61].

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